在众多标点符号中,撇号可能是最令人头痛的一种了!撇号在英语中有两种非常不同(也非常重要)的用法:所有格和缩写;甚至连母语人士都会搞混。
撇号用于缩写
英语中最常出现撇号的情况是缩写,也就是名词+动词或代名词+动词的缩写。切记,撇号常取代被省略的字母;在这种情况下,它会加在缩写字词的左上方。
类型 | 未使用缩写的写法 | 缩写 |
---|---|---|
用「not」 | is not, has not, had not, did not, would not, can not | isn't, hasn't, hadn't, didn't, wouldn't, can't |
用「is」 | she is, there is, he is, it is, Mary is, Jim is, Germany is, who is | she's, there's, he's, it's, Mary's, Jim's, Germany's, who's |
用「am」 | I am | I'm |
用「will」 | I will, you will, she will, we will, they will | I'll, you'll, she'll, we'll, they'll |
用「would」 | I would, you would, he would, we would, they would | I'd, you'd, he'd, we'd, they'd |
用「have」 | I have, you have, we have, they have | I've, you've, we've, they've |
用「are」 | you are, they are, we are | you're, they're, we're |
即使是英语母语人士都会搞不清 its 和 it's丶you're 和 your丶who's 和 whose,还有 they're丶their 和 there。以下例句会示范这几个的差别:
举例
- It's a nice day outside.(代名词 + Be 动词的缩写)
- The cat is dirty. Its fur is matted.(所有格)
- You're not supposed to be here.(代名词 + Be 动词的缩写)
- This is your book.(所有格)
- Who's at the door?(疑问词+ Be 动词的缩写)
- Whose shoes are these?(who 的所有格)
- They're not here yet.(代名词 + Be 动词的缩写)
- Their car is red.(所有格)
- His car is over there.(地方副词)
所有格中的撇号
在多数情况下,只要在名词后加 ’s 即形成所有格。
举例
- a ship's captain
- a doctor's patient
- a car's engine
- Ibrahim's coat
- Mirianna's book
非以 s 结尾的复数名词也是用这个规则:
举例
- the children's room
- the men's work
- the women's club
一般以 s 结尾的名词,无论它是单数还是复数,只要在 s 后加一个撇号即形成所有格。
举例
- the bus' wheel
- the babies' crying
- the ladies' tennis club
- the teachers' journal
以 s 结尾的专有名词(如人名丶城市名或国名)构成所有格的方式有两种,一种是在字尾加撇号+s,或只加撇号。现今两种写法都正确(Jones 的所有格可以写成 Jones's 或 Jones'),但近年来许多大型机构在公布其名称时,都倾向去掉撇号,直接在字尾加 s(例如 Barclays Bank丶Missing Persons Bureau)。
举例
- The Hughes' home (或 The Hughes's home)
- Mr Jones's shop (或 Mr Jones' shop)
- Charles' book (或 Charles's book)